Long-term behaviour of ENSO: Interactions with the PDO over the past 400 years inferred from paleoclimate records

[ 1] This study uses proxy climate records derived from paleoclimate data to investigate the long- term behaviour of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation ( PDO) and the El Nino Southern Oscillation ( ENSO). During the past 400 years, climate shifts associated with changes in the PDO are shown to have occurred with a similar frequency to those documented in the 20th Century. Importantly, phase changes in the PDO have a propensity to coincide with changes in the relative frequency of ENSO events, where the positive phase of the PDO is associated with an enhanced frequency of El Nino events, while the negative phase is shown to be more favourable for the development of La Nina events.