Sulfur, sea salt, and radionuclide aerosols in GISS ModelE

We simulate a suite of aerosols in the new GISS ModelE GCM: present-day sulfur species and the natural species sea salt, radionuclides Be-7 (stratospheric source), and Pb-210 (derived from Rn-222 from soils). The natural species are used to test the model and to help diagnose the anthropogenic sulfur species. Model improvements over previous versions include increased vertical resolution, addition of a stratiform dissolved species budget (DSB), better tracer coupling to the boundary layer, and an improved relative humidity-dependent radiative scheme. The DSB reduces the loads of most soluble species since it increases stratiform precipitation scavenging. We compare the model with extensive surface and aircraft concentration measurements in the troposphere and stratosphere. We compare three different formulations of the Rn-222 emissions and find that a scheme with reduced radon flux at high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere for all seasons gives the best Pb-210 results. Although the Rn-222 emissions appear to be approximately the right order of magnitude, model Pb-210 is too large. Conversely, our Be-7 source is too small (since concentrations in the upper troposphere and stratosphere are deficient), while the Be-7 surface concentrations are as observed. These radionuclide results suggests that model scavenging (by moist convection) is deficient. Our new model uses increased natural sulfur emissions; however, the DSB causes sulfate to be generally less than observed and indicates a need for additional sulfur oxidation mechanisms. Model radiative forcing for sulfate and sea salt are -0.54 and -1.1 W m(-2), respectively. The anthropogenic sulfate forcing is -0.25 W m(-2), less than the -0.68 W m(-2) in our previous model mainly owing to an 18% decrease in industrial emissions.