Considerations and observations of stress-induced and construction-induced excavation damage zone in crystalline rock

Bsed on the recent observations from two underground laboratories, the construction induced excavation damage zone (EDZ(Cl)) caused by explosion or by mechanical excavation and stress-induced excavation damage zone (EDZ(Sl)) are distinguished. The key location for in situ testing of EDZ and method development has been the TBM tunnel in Aspo Hard Rock Laboratory in Sweden since the 1990s, The research and development has been continued between 2010 and 2012 with in situ stress measurement campaign and in 2013 with ground penetrating radar investigations with new GPR EDZ method. The new GPR EDZ method based on frequency analysis of the reflected signal indicates mean depth for EDZ(Cl) of 120 mm. The same zone is indicated also by various other geophysical and laboratory methods, and is distinguished as construction-induced and continuous around the tunnel perimeter. Fracture mechanics modelling suggests a lowered hydraulic conductivity of 1.8 x 10(-13) m/s in EDZ(Sl) and 4.0 x 10(-11) m/s in EDZ(Cl). Biaxial testing suggests a zone in which Young's modulus values are lowered, and which is not continuous around the tunnel. This zone is distinguished as an observable part of stress-induced EDZ(Sl). (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.