Sensitivity of time-lapse seismic to reservoir stress path

The change in reservoir pore pressure due to the production of hydrocarbons leads to anisotropic changes in the stress field acting on the reservoir. Reservoir stress path is defined as the ratio of the change in effective horizontal stress to the change in effective vertical stress from the initial reservoir conditions, and strongly influences the depletion-induced compaction behaviour of the reservoir. Seismic velocities in sandstones vary with stress due to the presence of stress-sensitive regions within the rock, such as grain boundaries, microcracks, fractures, etc. Since the response of any microcracks and grain boundaries to a change in stress depends on their orientation relative to the principal stress axes, elastic-wave velocities are sensitive to reservoir stress path. The vertical P- and S-wave velocities, the small-offset P- and SV-wave normal-moveout (NMO) velocities, and the P-wave amplitude-versus-offset (AVO) are sensitive to different combinations of vertical and horizontal stress. The relationships between these quantities and the change in stress can be calibrated using a repeat seismic, sonic log, checkshot or vertical seismic profile (VSP) at the location of a well at which the change in reservoir pressure has been measured. Alternatively, the variation of velocity with azimuth and distance from the borehole, obtained by dipole radial profiling, can be used. Having calibrated these relationships, the theory allows the reservoir stress path to be monitored using time-lapse seismic by combining changes in the vertical P-wave impedance, changes in the P-wave NMO and AVO behaviour, and changes in the S-wave impedance.