TE-averaged two-dimensional proton spectroscopic imaging of glutamate at 3 T

Glutamate and glutamine are important neurochemicals in the central nervous system and the neurotoxic properties of excess glutamate have been associated with several neurodegenerative diseases. The TE-Averaged PRESS technique has been shown by our group to detect an unobstructed glutamate signal at 3 T that is resolved from glutamine and NAA at 2.35 ppm. TE-Averaged PRESS therefore provides an unambiguous measurement of glutamate as well as other metabolites such as NAA, choline, creatine, and myo-inositol. In this study, we extend the single voxel TE-Averaged PRESS technique for two-dimensional (2D) spectroscopic imaging (TE-Averaged MRSI) to generate 2D glutamate maps. To facilitate TE-Averaged MRSI within a reasonable time, a fast encoding trajectory was used. This enabled rapid acquisition of TE-Averaged spectral arrays with good spectral bandwidth (977 Hz) and resolution (similar to 2 Hz). MRSI data arrays of 10 x 16 were acquired with 1.8 cm(3) spatial resolution over a similar to 110 cm(3) volume in a scan time of similar to 21 min. Two-dimensional metabolite maps were obtained with good SNR and clear differentiation in glutamate levels was observed between gray and white matter with significantly higher glutamate in gray matter relative to white matter as anticipated. (c) 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.