Leaky scanning and reinitiation regulate BACE1 gene expression

beta-Site beta-amyloid precursor protein (APP)-cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) is the beta-secretase in vivo for processing APP to generate amyloid beta protein (A beta). A beta deposition in the brain is the hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD) neuropathology. Inhibition of BACE1 activity has major pharmaceutical potential for AD treatment. The expression of the BACE1 gene is relatively low in vivo. The control of BACE1 expression has not been well defined. There are six upstream AUGs (uAUGs) in the 5' leader sequence of the human BACE1 mRNA. We investigated the role of the promoter and the uATGs in the 5' untranslated region (UTR) of the human BACE1 gene in BACE1 gene transcription and translation initiation. Our results show that the first and second uATGs are the integral part of the core minimal promoter of the human BACE1 gene, while the third uAUG is skipped over by ribosomal scanning. The fourth uAUG can function as a translation initiation codon, and deletion or mutation of this uAUG increases downstream gene expression. The fourth uAUG of the BACE1 5'UTR is responsible for inhibiting the expression of BACE1. Translation initiation by the BACE1 uAUGs and physiological AUG requires intact eIF4G. Our results demonstrate that during human BACE1 gene expression, ribosomes skipped some uAUGs by leaky scanning and translated an upstream open reading frame, initiated efficiently at the fourth uAUG, and subsequently reinitiated BACE1 translation at the physiological AUG site. Such leaky scanning and reinitiation resulted in weak expression of BACE1 under normal conditions. Alterations of the leaky scanning and reinitiation in BACE1 gene expression could play an important role in AD pathogenesis.