Microarray analysis identifies a set of CXCR3 and CCR2 ligand chemokines as early IFNβ-responsive genes in peripheral blood lymphocytes in vitro:: an implication for IFNβ-related adverse effects in multiple sclerosis

Background: A substantial proportion of multiple sclerosis ( MS) patients discontinue interferon-beta (IFN beta) treatment due to various adverse effects, most of which emerge at the early phase after initiation of the treatment and then diminish with time. At present, the molecular mechanism underlying IFN beta-related adverse effects remains largely unknown. The aim of this study is to identify a comprehensive list of early IFN beta-responsive genes (IRGs) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) that may play a key role in induction of adverse effects. Methods: Total RNA of PBMC exposed to 50 ng/ml recombinant human IFN beta for 3 to 24 hours in vitro was processed for cDNA microarray analysis, followed by quantitative real-time RT-PCR analysis. Results: Among 1,258 genes on the array, IFN beta elevated the expression of 107 and 87 genes, while it reduced the expression of 22 and 23 genes at 3 and 24 hours, respectively. Upregulated IRGs were categorized into conventional IFN-response markers, components of IFN-signaling pathways, chemokines, cytokines, growth factors, and their receptors, regulators of apoptosis, DNA damage, and cell cycle, heat shock proteins, and costimulatory and adhesion molecules. IFN beta markedly upregulated CXCR3 ligand chemokines (SCYB11, SCYB10 and SCYB9) chiefly active on effector T helper type 1 (Th1) T cells, and CCR2 ligand chemokines (SCYA8 and SCYA2) effective on monocytes, whereas it downregulated CXCR2 ligand chemokines (SCYB2, SCYB1 and IL8) primarily active on neutrophils. Conclusion: IFN beta immediately induces a burst of gene expression of proinflammatory chemokines in vitro that have potential relevance to IFN beta-related early adverse effects in MS patients in vivo.