Swim speeds of free-ranging great cormorants

Information about foraging speeds is particularly valuable when the impact of a predator species upon a community of prey has to be defined, as in the case of great cormorants. We measured the swim speed of 12 (six males and six females) free-ranging great cormorants Phalacrocorax carbo, foraging off the Greenland coast during the summer of 2003, using miniaturized data-loggers. Although mean body mass of males was 27% greater than that of females, and mean swim speed of males were 29-57% higher than that of females during foraging phases (but not descent phases) of dives, these differences in speeds were not significant due to high variances. Birds descended to the mean maximum depth of 4.7 m at an average speed of 1.6 +/- 0.5 m s(-1), a speed similar to that measured in captive cormorants in previous studies. Although bursts of up to 4 m s(-1) were recorded, speed usually decreased during the deepest (foraging) phase of dives, being on average 0.8 +/- 0.6 m s(-1)supercript stop. Speeds measured here should be taken with caution, because the large propeller loggers used to measure speed directly decreased descent speeds by up to 0.5 m s(-1) when compared to smaller depth-only loggers. Cormorants in Greenland seem to combine two searching strategies, one requiring low speed to scan the water column or benthos, and one requiring high speed to pursue prey. These two strategies depend on the two main habitats of their prey: pelagic or demersal.