Effects of homocysteine and ginsenoside Rb1 on endothelial proliferation and superoxide anion production

Background. Homocysteine (Hey) is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease by its multiple effects on vascular cells and throbmosis factors, which may be involved in oxidative stress mechansims. Ginsenoside Rb1, a constituent of ginseng, bears various beneficial effects on the cardiovascular system. In the present study, we investigated the effect of Hey on endothelial proliferation and a protective effect of ginsenoside Rb1 on the action of Hcy. Methods. We initially incubated a mouse lymph node endothelial cell line (SVEC4-10) with increasing concentrations of Hey or for different time periods and then assessed cell proliferation by using [H-3]-thymidine incorporation. We then incubated SVEC4-10 cells with Hey (50 mu M) for 24 h with or without Rb1 (10 mu M) to examine its inhibitory effect on the proliferation. These experiments were repeated in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). To explore the underlying molecular mechanisms, we measured superoxide anion, a reactive oxygen species (ROS), by using dihydroethidium (DHE) staining. Results. SVEC4-10 cells treated with Hcy (50, 100, and 200 mu M) for 24 h significantly reduced cell proliferation by 43%, 42%, and 40%, respectively, as compared with control cells (P < 0.01). SVEC4-10 cells treated with Hcy (50 mu M) for 12 and 24 h showed a significant reduction of cell proliferation (P < 0.05). In HUVECs, Hcy (50 mu M) significantly reduced cell proliferation by 55% as compared with control cells (P < 0.05). In the presence of Rb1, Hcy-induced inhibition of cell proliferation was effectively blocked in both SVEC4-10 and HUVECs. Furthermore, Hcy (50 mu M) significantly increased superoxide anion production by 23% in SVEC4-10 as compared with control cells (P < 0.05). However, in the presence of Rb1, Hey increased superoxide anion production by only 8%, showing that RB1 almost completely blocked the effect of Hcy. Conclusion. Hey significantly inhibits endothelial proliferation with increased production of superoxide anion, which is effectively blocked by ginsenoside Rb1. This study provides some new aspects of Hcy-induced endothelial dysfunction, and suggests a potential role of Rb1 to block Hcy action, which may have clinical applications. (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.