A second binding site for hydroxytamoxifen within the coactivator-binding groove of estrogen receptor β

Evidence is presented that the estrogen antagonist 4-hydroxytamoxifen (HT) can occupy not only the core binding pocket within the ligand-binding domain of estrogen receptor (ER) 13 but also a second site on its surface. The crystal structure of the ligand-binding domain (LBD) associated with HT was determined to 2.2 angstrom and revealed two molecules of HT bound to the protein. One was located in the consensus ligand-binding pocket, whereas the other bound to a site that overlaps with the hydrophobic groove of the coactivator recognition surface. Relative to the ER alpha-tamoxifen structure, helix 12 has been displaced from the coactivator recognition surface and occupies a unique position. Although it has been demonstrated that association of the antagonist with the core ligand-binding pocket is sufficient to induce an antagonist ligand-binding domain conformation, this structure suggests that small molecules may directly antagonize receptor-coactivator interactions. These results provide a direct demonstration of two binding sites for HT in ER beta, as has been previously suggested for ER alpha by using biochemical methods, and represent a crystal structure of a small nonpeptide molecule occupying the coactivator recognition site.