Biological activity of L-2-azetidinecarboxylic acid, isolated from Polygonatum odoratum var. pluriflorum, against several algae

The biological activities of an aqueous fraction extracted from Polygonatum odoratum var. pluriflorum Owhi and of L-2-azetidinecarboxylic acid (AZC), purified froth the extract, on the growth of several types of algae were tested. The aqueous fraction was prepared by methanol extraction of P. odoratum var. plurilorum rhizomes followed by reverse partitioning with butanol. The aqueous extraction inhibited growth of the green alga Chlorella vulgaris by less than 10% at a concentration of 1000 mg L-1. However, growth of the blue-green alga Microcystis aeruginosa was inhibited by 22.0%, 67.9%, and 87.1%, respectively, at 3.1, 6.2, and 12.5 mg extract L-1. AZC was isolated from the aqueous extract and was shown to be the major active substance inhibiting algal growth. AZC concentrations higher than 25 p,M inhibited growth, while at 400 mu M, growth of the green algae C. vulgaris and Scenedesmus spp. was inhibited by 71.2% and 70.4%, respectively. In contrast, growth of the blue-green algae Anabaena affinis and M. aeruginosa was inhibited at concentrations greater than 1.6 and 0.2 mu M, respectively, whereas 92% control required concentrations of 6.3 and 1.6 mu M, respectively. AZC also suppressed the growth of the red-tide microalga Cochlodinium polykrikoides by 86.9% and 100% at concentrations of 6.3 and 12.5 mu M, respectively. Azetidine and 2-azetidinone showed little activity on the tested algae. The results demonstrate that AZC selectively inhibits algal growth at low concentrations. The green algae C. vulgaris and Scenedesmus spp. were tolerant, whereas M. aeruginosa, A. affinis, and C. polykrikoides were relatively sensitive. Thus, extract and AZC, prepared from P. odoratum rhizomes, showed a potential as natural selective algicide for the control of harmful algae in laboratory assay. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.