Field dependence of magnetic ordering in Kagome-staircase compound Ni3V2O8

We present powder and single-crystal neutron diffraction and bulk measurements of the Kagome-staircase compound Ni3V2O8 (NVO) in fields up to 8.5 T applied along the c direction. (The Kagome plane is the a-c plane.) This system contains two types of Ni ions, which we call spine and cross-tie. Our neutron measurements can be described with the paramagnetic space group Cmca for T < 15 K and each observed magnetically ordered phase is characterized by the appropriate irreducible representation(s). Our zero-field measurements show that at T-PH=9.1 K NVO undergoes a transition to a predominantly longitudinal incommensurate structure in which the spine spins are nearly along the a-axis. At T-HL=6.3 K, there is a transition to an elliptically polarized incommensurate structure with both spine and cross-tie moments in the a-b plane. At T-LC=4 K the system undergoes a first-order phase transition to a commensurate antiferromagnetic structure with the staggered magnetization primarily along the a-axis and a weak ferromagnetic moment along the c-axis. A specific heat anomaly at T-CC(')=2.3 K indicates an additional transition, which remarkably does not affect Bragg peaks of the commensurate C structure. Neutron, specific heat, and magnetization measurements produce a comprehensive temperature-field phase diagram. The symmetries of the incommensurate magnetic phases are consistent with the observation that only one phase is electrically polarized. The magnetic structures are explained theoretically using a simplified model Hamiltonian, that involves competing nearest- and next-nearest-neighbor exchange interactions, single-ion anisotropy, pseudodipolar interactions, and Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interactions.