Development of metamorphosis assay using Silurana tropicalis for the detection of thyroid system-disrupting chemicals

The West African clawed frog (Silurana tropicalis), which resembles the South African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis), but is somewhat smaller, has a diploid genome and a shorter generation time. Therefore, S. tropicalis has the potential for use as a new model in ecotoxicology. We demonstrated a S. tropicalis metamorphosis assay based on Xenopus Metamorphosis Assay (XEMA) using 1 mu g/L thyroxine (T4) and 75 mg/L propylthiouracil (PTU). Tadpoles at developmental stages 48-50 were exposed to chemicals for 28 days and total body length, developmental stage, and hind limb length were recorded every 7 days. Significant differences in developmental stage and total body length were found for both T4 and PTU after 7-day exposure, which were similar to the results of the XEMA ring-test using the same chemicals. Moreover, in the present study, we measured hind limb length as a new endpoint of thyroid axis. Significant differences in the hind limb length were encountered in both T4 and PTU treatments after 7 days of exposure. These results suggest that S. tropicalis can be used in a XEMA-like protocol to detect agonist and antagonist effects of chemicals on the thyroid system. Hind limb length is also a suitable endpoint in such protocols. A new test protocol detecting both thyroid disruption and reproductive effects of chemicals using S. tropicalis should be established in the near future. (c) 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.