Akt1 activation can augment hypoxia-inducible factor-1α expression by increasing protein translation through a mammalian target of rapamycin-independent pathway

The phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway is commonly activated in cancer; therefore, we investigated its role in hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha, (HIF-1 alpha) regulation. Inhibition of PI3K in U87MG glioblastoma cells, which have activated PI3K/Akt activity secondary to phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) mutation, with LY294002 blunted the induction of HIF-1 alpha protein and its targets vascular endothelial growth factor and glut1 mRNA in response to hypoxia. Introduction of wild-type PTEN into these cells also blunted HIF-1 alpha induction in response to hypoxia and decreased HIF-1 alpha accumulation in the presence of the proteasomal inhibitor MG132. Akt small interfering RNA (sIRNA) also decreased HIF-1 alpha induction under hypoxia and its accumulation in normoxia in the presence of dimethyloxallyl glycine, a prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor that prevents HIF-1 alpha degradation. Metabolic labeling studies showed that Akt siRNA decreased HIF-1 alpha translation in normoxia in the presence of dimethyloxallyl glycine and in hypoxia. Inhibition of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) with rapamycin (10-100 nmol/L) had no significant effect on HIF-1 alpha induction in a variety of cell lines, a finding that was confirmed using mTOR siRNA. Furthermore, neither mTOR siRNA nor rapamycin decreased HIF-1 alpha, translation as determined by metabolic labeling studies. Therefore, our results indicate that Akt can augment HIF-1 alpha expression by increasing its translation under both normoxic and hypoxic conditions; however, the pathway we are investigating seems to be rapamycin insensitive and mTOR independent. These observations, which were made on cells grown in standard tissue culture medium (10% serum), were confirmed in PC3 prostate carcinoma cells. We did find that rapamycin could decrease HIF-1 alpha expression when cells were cultured in low serum, but this seems to represent a different pathway.