Synthesis and characterization of glucosamine-bound near-infrared probes for optical imaging

Two novel near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent probes have been synthesized by linking a carbocyanine fluorophore and glucosamine through different linkers. These probes demonstrated a high quantum yield, low cytotoxicity, reversible pH-dependent fluorescence in the physiological pH range, and a decreased aggregation tendency in aqueous solutions. In vitro NIR optical imaging studies revealed cellular uptake and strong intracellular NIR fluorescence of these two probes in four breast epithelial cell lines.