Contraction/expansion flows: The pressure drop and related issues

This paper is concerned primarily with the numerical prediction of the pressure field associated with the flow of an Oldroyd-B fluid through 4:1 contractions, 1:4 expansions and combined 4:1:4 contraction/expansions. Particular interest lies in the effect of the ratio of solvent to total viscosity parameter on the profile of the pressure gradient and on the entry and exit development lengths. Although most of the results refer to planar (21)) flows, some results are presented to illustrate how the 3D case convergences towards two-dimensional flow as the relevant aspect ratio of the geometries becomes large. Some results are presented for certain aspects related to the flow kinematics, in order to illustrate the link between the pressure field and the resulting flow field. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.