Trial to Examine Text Message-Based mHealth in Emergency Department Patients With Diabetes (TExT-MED): A Randomized Controlled Trial

Study objective: Increasingly, low-income inner-city patients with diabetes utilize emergency departments (EDs) for acute and chronic care. We seek to determine whether a scalable, low-cost, unidirectional, text message-based mobile health intervention (TExT-MED) improves clinical outcomes, increases healthy behaviors, and decreases ED utilization in a safety net population. Methods: We conducted an randomized controlled trial of 128 adult patients with poorly controlled diabetes (glycosylated hemoglobin [Hb A(1C)] level >= 8%) in an urban, public ED. The TExT-MED group received 2 daily text messages for 6 months in English or Spanish. The primary outcome was change in Hb A(1C) level. Secondary outcomes included changes in medication adherence, self-efficacy, performance of self-care tasks, quality of life, diabetes-specific knowledge, ED utilization, and patient satisfaction. Results: Hb A(1C) level decreased by 1.05% in the TEXT-MED group compared with 0.60% in the controls (Delta 0.45; 95% confidence interval [Cl] -0.27 to 1.17) at 6 months. Secondary outcomes favored the TEXT-MED group, with the most sizable change observed in self-reported medication adherence (as measured by the Morisky Medication Adherence Scale, an 8-point validated scale with higher scores representing better adherence), which improved from 4.5 to 5.4 in the TEXT-MED group compared with a net decrease of -0.1 in the controls (Delta 1.1 [95% CI 0.1 to 2.1]). Effects were larger among Spanish speakers for both medication adherence (1.1 versus -0.3; Delta 1.4; 95% CI 0.2 to 2.7) and Hb A(1C) (-1.2% versus -0.4%) in the TEXT-MED group. The proportion of patients who used emergency services trended lower in the TExT-MED group (35.9% versus 51.6%; Delta 15.7%; 95% Cl 9.4% to 22%). Overall, 93.6% of respondents enjoyed TExT-MED and 100% would recommend it to family/friends. Conclusion: The TEXT-MED program did not result in a statistically significant improvement in Hb A(1C). However, trends toward improvement in the primary outcome of Hb AIL and other secondary outcomes, including quality of life, were observed, the most pronounced being improved medication adherence. TExT-MED also decreased ED utilization. These findings were magnified in the Spanish-speaking subgroup. Technologies such as TEXT-MED represent highly scalable, low-cost, and widely accessible solutions for safety-net ED populations.