Globalization, firm-level characteristics and environmental management: A study of Japan

Using Japanese firm-level data, we identify and quantify the factors that influence the environmental management of Japanese firms. We measure 14 different aspects of a firm's environmental management and investigate how firm-level characteristics and external pressures affect the quantity and effectiveness of environmental management systems and structures. Our results show that one consequence of the growth in international trade and FDI is that Japanese firms are increasingly aware of their environmental obligations and that both regulatory and non-regulatory factors play a role in a firm's decision to quantify and manage the impact their activities have on the environment. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.