Demagnetization cooling of a gas

Adiabatic demagnetization is an efficient technique for cooling solid samples by several orders of magnitude in a single cooling step. In gases, the required coupling between dipolar moments and motion is typically too weak, but in dipolar gases - of high-spin atoms or heteronuclear molecules with strong electric dipole moments, for example - the method should be applicable. Here, we demonstrate demagnetization cooling of a gas of ultracold Cr-52 atoms. Demagnetization is driven by inelastic dipolar collisions, which couple the motional degrees of freedom to the spin degree. In this way, kinetic energy is converted into magnetic work, with a consequent temperature reduction of the gas. Optical pumping is used to magnetize the system and drive continuous demagnetization cooling. We can increase the phase-space density of our sample by up to one order of magnitude, with almost no atom loss, suggesting that the method could be used to achieve quantum degeneracy via optical means.