Flt-1 intraceptor induces the unfolded protein response, apoptotic factors, and regression of murine injury-induced corneal neovascularization

PURPOSE. To determine whether Flt24K, a recombinant construct of domains 2 to 4 of VEGFR-1 (Flt) coupled with an endoplasmic reticulum retention signal (KDEL) can bind VEGFR-2 and induce apoptosis, unfolded protein response (UPR), and regression of injury-induced corneal neovascularization. METHODS. Human microvascular endothelial cells were transfected with pCMV.Flt24K and subjected to hypoxia. Cell lysates underwent Western blot analysis with anti-XBP-1 antibody and RT-PCR for CHOP. Human malignant melanoma cells (which express VEGFR-2 but not Flt), were transfected with pCMV.Flt24K, and lysates underwent immunoprecipitation with anti-FLT antibody, and Western blot analysis for VEGF and VEGFR-2. Mouse corneas sustained injury induced by topical NaOH and mechanical scraping and were injected with pCMV.Flt24K 2 weeks later. Corneas were harvested 2 days later for Western blot analysis for XBP-1 and caspase-3 or 1 week later for quantification of neovascularization and TUNEL staining. Saline and empty pCMV vector were used in control experiments. RESULTS. The mean percentage area of corneal neovascularization in mice 3 weeks after corneal injury and 1 week after intrastromal injection of empty pCMV vector or pCMV. Flt24K was 55.4% +/- 2.7% vs. 19.3% +/- 6.1%, respectively (P < 0.001). Flt24K was found to bind VEGFR-2 and upregulate activated XBP-1 and CHOP in vitro. In vivo, pCMV. Flt24K upregulated activated XBP-1 and caspase-3. Apoptosis was observed in corneal neovascular endothelium in corneas treated with pCMV. Flt24K but not in the control. CONCLUSIONS. The Flt24K intraceptor can bind VEGFR-2 within cells, induce the unfolded protein response in vitro and in vivo, elicit apoptosis of vascular endothelial cells in vivo, and induce regression of corneal neovascularization in vivo.