Benzyl isothiocyanate-induced DNA damage causes G2/M cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in human pancreatic cancer cells

Benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC) has been shown to inhibit chemically induced pancreatic cancer in experimental animals. However, the mechanism responsible for the anticancer effects of BITC is not clearly understood. In this study, we tested whether BITC treatment would affect the growth of Capan-2 human pancreatic cancer cells. BITC (10 mu mol/L) treatment caused marked phosphorylation of H2A.x (2.6-fold) and permanent damage to Capan-2 cells. BITC-mediated G(2)/M arrest was associated with up-regulation of cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor p21(Waf1/Cip1) and the activation of checkpoint kinase 2, whereas the expressions of other G(2)/M regulatory proteins, including CyclinB1, Cdc2, and cell division cycle 25C (Cdc25C), were down-regulated by 19, 51, and 70%, respectively, compared with control. These changes resulted in a 55% inhibition of Cdc2 kinase activity. In addition, the decline in the expression of Cdc25C was completely blocked when the cells were treated with lactacystin (proteasome inhibitor) prior to BITC treatment. However, G(2)/M arrest and apoptosis induced by BITC were partially blocked by pretreatment of cells with lactacystin. Taken together, the results of this study suggest the involvement of multiple signaling pathways targeted by BITC in mediating G(2)/M cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in Capan-2 cells and warrant further investigation.