The outskirts of spiral galaxies: Evidence for multiple stellar populations

We present an analysis of the metallicity distribution functions of fields projected along theminor axis for a sample of inclined spiral galaxies in order to search for evidence of the presence of multiple stellar populations. In all cases, with very high confidence levels, the stellar populations appear to have asymmetric metallicity distributions. The mean metallicities of both stellar subpopulations, determined from mixture modeling of the metallicity distribution functions, correlate with the parent galaxy luminosity. This suggests that the vast majority of field stars probably formed in galactic fragments that were already embedded in the dark matter halo of the final galaxy. The steeper correlation between the mean stellar metallicity and parent galaxy luminosity is driven by an increasing fraction of metal- rich stars with increasing galaxy luminosity. Metal- poor components show a larger dispersion in metallicity than metal- rich components. These properties are strikingly similar to those of globular cluster subpopulations around early- type galaxies. The properties of field stars along theminor axis are consistent with a formation scenario in which metal- poor stars formed in all galaxies, possibly as a result of the tidal disruption of dwarflike objects. An additional metal- rich component might be related to the formation of the bulge and/ or the disk.