Tissue engineering and developmental biology: Going biomimetic

This article contains the collective views expressed at the first session of the workshop Tissue Engineering - The Next Generation,'' which was devoted to the interactions between developmental biology and tissue engineering. Donald Ingber discussed the chasms between developmental biology and tissue engineering from the perspective of a cell biologist who has had interest in tissue engineering since its early days. Van C. Mow shared a historical perspective on the development of tissue engineering as one of the first engineers involved in the field. David Butler offered an assessment of functional tissue engineering, a new area he helped establish and promote. Laura Niklason discussed how to be more effective in developing cellular therapies for large numbers of patients. Johnny Huard described his approach to tissue engineering, based on the use of muscle-derived cells. Jeremy Mao focused on cell homing and cell density in the context of native development and relevance to tissue engineering. Ioannis Yannas proposed a set of rules'' in organ regeneration. Collectively, the faculty expressed a remarkable level of enthusiasm for bridging the gaps between developmental biology and tissue engineering and offered new ideas on how to facilitate the interaction between the two fields.