Tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs): Their biological functions and involvement in oral disease

Several families of enzymes are responsible for the degradation of extracellular matrix ( ECM) proteins during the remodeling of tissues. An important family of such enzymes is that of the matrix metalloproteinases ( MMPs). To control MMP-mediated ECM breakdown, tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases ( TIMPs) are able to inhibit MMP activity. A disturbed balance of MMPs and TIMPs is found in various pathologic conditions, such as cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, and periodontitis. The role of MMPs in pathology has been extensively described in the literature. The main focus of this review lies in the biological functions of TIMPs and their occurrence in disease, especially in the head and neck area. Their biological functions and their role in diseases like oral cancers and periodontitis, and in the development of cleft palate, will be discussed. Finally, the diagnostic and therapeutical opportunities of TIMPs will be evaluated.