The ACS Virgo Cluster Survey.: XIV.: Analysis of color-magnitude relations in globular cluster systems

We examine the correlation between globular cluster (GC) color and magnitude using HSTACS imaging for a sample of 79 early-type galaxies (-21.7 < M-B < -15.2 mag) with accurate SBF distances from the ACS Virgo Cluster Survey. Using the KMM mixture modeling algorithm, we find a highly significant correlation, gamma(z) equivalent to d(g-z)/dz = -0.037 +/- 0.004, between color and magnitude for the subpopulation of blue GCs in the co-added GC colormagnitude diagram of the three brightest Virgo Cluster galaxies (M49, M87, and M60): brighter GCs are redder than their fainter counterparts. For the single GC systems of M87 and M60, we find similar correlations; M49 does not appear to show a significant trend. There is no correlation between (g-z) and M-z for GCs of the red subpopulation. The correlation gamma(g) equivalent to d(g-z)/dg for the blue subpopulation is much weaker than d(g-z)/dz. Using Monte Carlo simulations, we attribute this finding to the fact that the blue subpopulation in M-g extends to higher luminosities than does the red subpopulation, which biases the KMM fit results. The correlation between color and Mz thus is a real effect: this conclusion is supported by biweight fits to the same color distributions. We identify two environmental dependencies that influence the derived color-magnitude relation: (1) the slope decreases in significance with decreasing galaxy luminosity; and (2) the slope is stronger for GC populations located at smaller galactocentric distances. We examine several physical mechanisms that might give rise to the observed color-magnitude relation: (1) presence of contaminators; (2) accretion of GCs from low-mass galaxies; (3) stochastic effects; (4) the capture of field stars by individual GCs; and (5) GC self-enrichment. We conclude that self-enrichment and field-star capture, or a combination of these processes, offer the most promising means of explaining our observations.