Dynamics of a stratified shear layer with horizontal shear

The evolution of a stratified shear layer with mean shear in the horizontal direction, orthogonal to gravity, is numerically investigated with focus on the structural organization of the vorticity and density fields. Although the Reynolds number of the flow increases with time, facilitating instabilities and turbulence, the bulk Richardson number signifying the level of stratification also increases. Remarkably rich dynamics is found: turbulence; the emergence of coherent core/braid regions from turbulence; formation of a lattice of dislocated vortex cores connected by thin horizontal sheets of collapsed density and vorticity; density-driven intrusions at the edges of the shear layer; and internal wave generation and propagation. Stratification introduces significant vertical variability although it inhibits the vertical velocity. The molecular dissipation of turbulent kinetic energy and of turbulent potential energy are both found to be substantial even in the case with highest stratification, and primarily concentrated in thin horizontal sheets. The simulation data are used to help explain how buoyancy induces the emergence of columnar vortex cores from turbulence and then dislocates these cores to eventually form a lattice of 'pancake' eddies connected by thin sheets with large vertical shear (horizontal vorticity) and density gradient.