Rapid reduction and reemission of mercury deposited into snowpacks during atmospheric mercury depletion events at Churchill, Manitoba, Canada

Mercury (Hg) in some Arctic marine mammals has increased to levels that may be toxic to Northern peoples consuming them as traditional food. It has been suggested that sunlight-induced atmospheric reactions called springtime atmospheric Hg depletion events (AMDEs) result in the loading of similar to 150 - 300 tons of Hg to the Canadian Arctic archipelago each spring and that AMDEs are the ultimate source of Hg to Arctic foodwebs. AMDEs result from the oxidation of gaseous elemental Hg-0 (GEM) in Arctic atmospheres to reactive gaseous Hg (RGM) and particulate Hg (pHg), both of which fall out of the atmosphere to snowpacks. We studied the springtime cycling of Hg between air and snowpacks near Churchill, Manitoba, for 2 years to determine the net input of Hg to Hudson Bay from AMDEs. In 2004, we monitored atmospheric concentrations of GEM, pHg, and RGM while simultaneously measuring concentrations of total Hg (THg) in surface snow collected over the sea ice on Hudson Bay. During numerous springtime AMDEs, concentrations of THg in surface snow increased, often to over 60 ng/L, demonstrating that AMDEs resulted in deposition of oxidized Hg (Hg(II)) to snowpacks. However, immediately following AMDEs, average concentrations of THg in snow declined drastically from between 67.8 +/- 97.7 ng/L during AMDEs to only 4.25 +/- 1.85 ng/L four or more days following them. In 2003, we measured THg in surface snow collected daily over the sea ice and total gaseous Hg (TGM) concentrations in the interstitial airspaces of snowpacks. When concentrations of THg in the surface snow decreased, concentrations of TGM in interstitial airspaces of the snowpack increased sharply from between similar to 1.4 - 3.4 ng/m(3) to between similar to 20 - 150 ng/m(3), suggesting that there was a reduction of deposited Hg(II) to GEM, which then diffused out of snowpacks. At snowmelt in both 2003 and 2004, average concentrations of THg in meltwater collected over Hudson Bay were only 4.04 +/- 2.01 ng/L. Using concentrations of THg in meltwater and snow water equivalent, we estimated a net springtime loading of only 2.1 +/- 1.7 mg/ha of Hg to Hudson Bay from AMDEs, indicating that only a small portion of the Hg(II) deposited during AMDEs enters Hudson Bay each spring.