P2X5 subunit assembly requires scaffolding by the second transmembrane domain and a conserved aspartate

Functional homomeric and heteromeric ATP-gated P2X receptor channels have been shown to display a characteristic trimeric architecture. Of the seven different isoforms (designated P2X(1)-P2X(7)), P2X(5) occurs in humans primarily as a nonfunctional variant lacking the C-terminal end of the ectodomain and the outer half of the second transmembrane domain. We show that this truncated variant, which results from the splice-skipping of exon 10, is prone to subunit aggregation because the residual transmembrane domain 2 is too short to insert into the membrane. Alleviation of the negative hydrophobic mismatch by the addition of a stretch of moderately hydrophobic residues enabled formation of a second membrane-spanning domain and strictly parallel homotrimerization. Systematic mutagenesis identified only one transmembrane domain 2 residue, Asp(355), which supported homotrimerization in a side chain-specific manner. Our results indicate that transmembrane domain 2 formation contributes 2-fold to hP2X(5) homotrimerization by tethering the end of the ectodomain to the membrane, thereby topologically restricting conformational mobility, and by intramembrane positioning of Asp355. While transmembrane domain 2 appears to favor assembly by enabling productive subunit interactions in the ectodomain, Asp355 seems to assist by simultaneously driving intramembrane helix interactions. Overall, these results indicate a complex interplay between topology, helix-helix interactions, and oligomerization to achieve a correctly folded structure.