Effects of drying temperature and time of a canine diet extruded with a 4 or 8 mm die on physical and nutritional quality indicators

Two factorial experiments (4 temperatures x 2 durations) were carried out to test the effect of drying variables on nutritional and physical quality indicators of extruded canine diets produced using a 4 and 8 mm die (kibble size). The diet was extruded using a single screw extruder at 130 degrees C and 300 g moisture/kg. The drying temperatures used were 80, 120, 160 and 200 degrees C and each diet was dried to 90 or 60 g moisture/kg diet (drying duration). Drying of the diets was conducted in draught-forced ovens and each sample was analysed for dry matter, nitrogen, amino acids (including reactive lysine) and fatty acid content. Hardness and specific density of the tested diets were not affected by drying temperature or time. Kibble durability was affected (P<0.05) by drying temperature: the highest temperature (200 degrees C) resulted in a decreased durability compared to 80 degrees C. The drying time had no effects on the level of individual or total amino acids or on the proportion of reactive lysine. In 4 mm kibbles, drying temperature of 200 degrees C lowered (P<0.05) only proline, total lysine and reactive lysine concentrations: the reactive to total lysine ratio in kibbles dried at 120 degrees C was higher than that of kibbles dried at 200 degrees C. Drying temperature of 200 degrees C decreased the concentration of linolenic and linoleic acid and increased that of oleic acid (P<0.05), a finding that might be indicative for lipid oxidation of 4 mm kibbles during the drying process. In 8 mm kibbles, only reactive lysine concentrations were significantly lower with a concomitant decrease of the kibble durability (P<0.05). Drying of pet foods at high temperatures (160-180 degrees C) can significantly reduce nutrients or nutrient reactivity. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.