Probing variations in fundamental constants with radio and optical quasar absorption-line observations

Nine quasar absorption spectra at 21-cm and ultraviolet (UV) rest-frame wavelengths are used to estimate possible variations in x equivalent to alpha(2)g(p)mu, where alpha is the fine structure constant, g(p) the proton g-factor and mu equivalent to m(e)/m(p) is the electron-to-proton mass ratio. We find (weighted)(total) = (0.63 +/- 0.99) x 10(-5) over a redshift range 0.23 less than or similar to z(abs) less than or similar to 2.35 which corresponds to look-back times of 2.7-10.5 billion years. A linear fit against look-back time, tied to Delta x/x = 0 at z = 0, gives a best-fitting rate of change of (x)over dot/x = (-.06 +/- 1.2) x 10(-15) yr(-2). We find no evidence for strong angular variations in x across the sky. Our sample is much larger than most previous samples and demonstrates that intrinsic line-of-sight velocity differences between the 21-cm and UV absorption redshifts, which have a random sign and magnitude in each absorption system, limit our precision. The data directly imply that the average magnitude of this difference is Delta v(los) similar to 6 km s(-1). Combining our Delta x/x measurement with absorption-line constraints on alpha-variation yields strong limits on the variation of mu. Our most conservative estimate, obtained by assuming no variations in alpha or g(p) is simply Delta mu/mu = (weighted)(total). If we use only the four high-redshift absorbers in our sample, we obtain Delta mu/mu = (0.58 +/- 1.95) x 10(-5), which agrees (2 sigma) with recent, more direct estimates from two absorption systems containing molecular hydrogen, also at high redshift, and which have hinted at a possible mu-variation, Delta mu/mu = (-2.0 +/- 0.6) x 10(-5). Our method of constraining Delta mu/mu is completely independent from the molecular hydrogen observations. If we include the low-redshift systems, our Delta mu/mu result differs significantly from the high-redshift molecular hydrogen results. We detect a dipole variation in mu across the sky, but given the sparse angular distribution of quasar sight lines we find that this model is required by the data at only the 88 per cent confidence level. Clearly, much larger samples of 21-cm and molecular hydrogen absorbers are required to adequately resolve the issue of the variation of mu and x.