Alkanes and hopanes for pollution source apportionment in coking plant soils

Polluted soils of former coking plants are characterized by multiple organic contributions, e.g. coal tar, coal, coke, soot, and natural organic matter, that can either be sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) or act as sorption surfaces for pollutants. The contamination level is usually based on the quantification of 16 PAHs but it does not provide any information on PAH sources. We studied the aliphatic fractions of 25 soil samples from a former coking plant site by microscopy and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The microscopic investigation allowed to identify four main organic contributions: coal tar, coal, coke, and natural organic matter. These isolated sources were analyzed and considered as reference materials. Although the PAH distributions were very similar in the 25 contaminated soils, alkanes and hopanes distributions were representative from various contributions characterizing the relative enrichment in coal, coal tars, or natural organic matter. Two principal component analyses based on n-alkanes and hopanes showed that three molecular indices, the carbon preference index, the low molecular weight/high molecular weight n-alkanes ratio, and the 18 alpha(H)-22,29,30-trisnorhopane/(18 alpha(H)-22,29,30-trisnorhopane + 17 alpha(H)-22,29,30-trisnorhopane) ratio allow to classify polluted soils according to various organic contributions.