Atmospheric cu and pb deposition and transport in lake sediments in a remote mountain area, northern China

A complete record derived from the core from the Daihai Lake in a remote area provides new insights into the changing atmospheric heavy metal deposition associated with historical industrial activities, the Asian monsoon, long-range transport, and the chemical composition of matter derived from weathering of catchment. The fluctuation of lithogenic element concentration in the lake sediments can readily be explained by a particle sorting effect induced by the Asian monsoon. The variation of atmospheric deposition of Cu and Pb shows a similar profile in the lower part of the core sediments, and coincides with environmental change, with high atmospheric deposition coupled with wet, temperate period; while low deposition with dry, cold period, indicating a transport variation of heavy metal pollutants entrained by the Asian summer monsoon. From the beginning of nineteenth century, the atmospheric deposition of Cu and Pb decreased and then slowly increased. This may be associated with the destroyed industry induced by long-term wars in China and the less heavy metal pollutants relative to the weak Asian summer monsoon in this period. Comparison between atmospheric-derived metal and sediment trap metal using Ga as the reference element shows that atmospheric Cu and Pb budgets do not exceed the fluvially-induced Cu and Pb budgets in the indirectly disturbed area. On average, there have been approximately 5.4 mg m(-2) yr(-1) of Cu and 5.1 mg m(-2) yr(-1) of Pb atmospherically deposited in the region.