Risk factors associated with postcraniotomy meningitis

OBJECTIVE: The authors conducted a retrospective cohort study to determine the incidence, bacteriological features, and risk factors for postcraniotomy meningitis. METHODS: Patients older than 18 years who underwent nonstereotactic craniotomies between January 1996 and March 2000 and who survived for more than 7 days were included. Operations for placement of burr holes and shunts were excluded. Records of the first 30 postoperative days were abstracted. Host factors, types of craniotomy, and pre- and postoperative variables were evaluated as risk factors for meningitis RESULTS: Among 453 patients, there were 25 cases of meningitis. Eight out of 12 culture-positive cases were the result of gram-positive cocci. Four hundred twenty (92%) patients received antibiotic prophylaxis, most commonly a first-generation cephalosporin. in multivariate analysis, the risk of meningitis was increased by surgery that entered a sinus (odds ratio [OR], 4.49; P = 0.018), an increase in the American Society of Anesthesiologists score (OR, 1.72; P = 0.023), and increases in the number of days of external ventricular drainage (OR, 1.21; P = 0.049) and intracranial pressure monitoring (OR, 1.24; P = 0.002). CONCLUSION: Access of upper airway bacteria to the surgical wound, host factors as expressed by the American Society of Anesthesiologists score, and duration of device-related postoperative communication of the cerebrospinal fluid and the environment are major risk factors for postoperative meningitis after craniotomy.