Hormonal and immunological changes in mice after spinal cord injury

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is associated with immune deficiencies and life-threatening infections. However, the specific mechanisms underlying this pathological condition remain unclear. In recent years, increasing evidence has suggested that anabolic hormones may be involved in immunological complications. Here, we monitored candidate hormone concentrations and immune cell counts, in CD1 mice, for 4 weeks after low-thoracic transection of the spinal cord (Tx). Serum dihydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), insulin, and parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels decreased throughout the time period studied compared with control, non-Tx mice. In turn, testosterone and growth hormone (GH) levels were only transiently changed, with a decrease of testosterone during the first 2 weeks and an increase of GH at 1 week post-Tx. A complete blood count revealed either unchanged or moderately decreased erythrocyte, platelet, hemoglobin and hematocrit levels. Total leukocyte, lymphocyte, and eosinophil counts also decreased, whereas neutrophils and monocytes did not change significantly. In the bone marrow, lymphocyte numbers decreased and neutrophils increased, whereas monocytes, eosinophils, and megakariocytes did not change significantly. These results revealed significant changes occurring rapidly (< 1-2 weeks) after Tx in both hormonal and immunological systems, providing compelling evidence of a role for anabolic hormones in SCI-related immune deficiencies.