Numerical investigation of the role of turbulent bursting in sediment entrainment

In this work we incorporate a Gram-Charlier-type joint probability distribution of near-bed two-dimensional instantaneous velocities into a simple mechanistic model to investigate the role of turbulent bursting in sediment entrainment. The results reveal that under typical values of bed-shear stress (> 3 Pa), the time fractions of Quadrants 1-4 (Q1-Q4) remain constantly as 16, 34, 19, and 31% respectively. Entrainment of the line sediment mixtures is dominated by the lifting mode, whereas entrainment of the coarse ones is dominated by rolling. Sweeps (Q4) are consistently the most significant contributor to entrainment under various types of sediment mixtures. As the standard deviation of grain-size distribution increases, the hiding effect exerted on the finer grains of the mixture is reduced, leading, to the elevated correction factors for effective hydrodynamic forces, and thus the reduced threshold velocities for entrainment. The reduced thresholds would, in turn, enhance the fractional contributions of ejections and inward interactions (Q2 and Q3), which are associated with negative longitudinal velocity fluctuations, such that the fractional contribution Of Outward interactions (Q1) would become less significant.