Role of nuclear hormone receptors in butyrate-mediated up-regulation of the antimicrobial peptide cathelicidin in epithelial colorectal cells

Background and aims: The human cathelicidin (LL-37) is one of the major antimicrobial peptides of the non-specific innate immune system in the intestinal tract. Altered expression has been associated with gastrointestinal disease. Recent studies demonstrated that butyrate induces LL-37 mRNA in colonic epithelial cells, however the underlying molecular mechanisms have not been elucidated. The objective of this study was to investigate the regulatory pathways involved in butyrate-induced up-regulation of LL-37. Methods and results: Treatment of Caco-2 and HT-29 cells with butyrate led to a time-dependent up-regulation of LL-37 mRNA expression as determined by semi-quantitative RT-PCR. Up-regulation of LL-37 mRNA by butyrate was subsequently followed by an increase in LL-37 protein expression as observed by immunofluorescence. Co-incubation of butyrate with a VDR, p38 MAPK, ERK 1/2 and TGF-beta 1 receptor kinase inhibitor all reduced butyrate-mediated LL-37 mRNA up-regulation. In contrast, transfection of Caco-2 cells with a dominant-negative PPAR gamma mutant vector did not affect butyrate-mediated up-regulation of LL-37 mRNA, Conclusion: Our results clearly demonstrate that butyrate-mediated up-regulation of LL-37 is influenced by several signalling pathways and receptors including MAPKs as well as VDR and TGF-beta 1, but not by PPAR gamma. These data may provide new opportunities in the treatment of gastrointestinal diseases. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.