Direct printing of bioceramic implants with spatially localized angiogenic factors

Direct printing of brushite and hydroxyapatite bioceramics at room temperature is used to construct model implants onto which the angiogenic compounds vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and copper sulfate were adsorbed. This low-temperature direct approach offers several practical advantages and may find application in bone grafting. The figure shows examples of complex shapes made of brushite.