Probasin promoter assembles into a strongly positioned nucleosome that permits androgen receptor binding

The promoter of the murine probasin (PB) gene exhibits strong androgen receptor (AR)-specific and tissue-specific regulation and is considered a promising candidate for gene therapy treatment of advanced prostate cancer. To characterize the determinants of chromatin specificity of the PB promoter with the AR we initially investigated the in vitro interactions of recombinant AR DNA binding domain (AR-DBD) with reconstituted nucleosomes incorporating the proximal PB promoter (nucleotides -268 to -76). We demonstrate that a DNA fragment of this promoter region exhibits strong nucleosome positioning. The phased DNA sequence protected by the histone octamer includes four androgen receptor response elements (AREs) which are arranged as two sets of class I and class II sites spaced approximately 90 bp apart. Class I AREs form classical contacts with the AR, whereas class II AREs contain atypical binding sequences and have been shown to stabilize AR binding to adjacent class I sites, resulting in synergistic transcriptional activation and increased hormone sensitivity. We used DNase 1 footprinting and electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA) to show that the AR-DBD binds to its cognate sequences independently of their nucleosomal organization. In addition, we show that the ability of the AR-DBD to interact with the nucleosomal PB promoter is not affected by histone acetylation. Thus the AR-DBD is able to bind to its cognate sequences within the PB promoter in a way that is indifferent to the presence or absence of histones and nucleosomal structure. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.