Effect of shading on proanthocyanidin biosynthesis in the grape berry

Proanthocyanidins, which are oligomers and polymers of flavan-3-ol units (e.g., (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin), are important components of grapes for red winemaking. Flavan-3-ols are binsynthesized by the catalysis of anthocyanidin reductase (ANR) and leucoanthocyanidin reductase (LAR). In this study, we investigated the effect of shading on proanthocyanidin biosynthesis in berries of Vitis vinifera 'Cabernet Sauvignon'. Shading of the berries reduced the accumulation of proanthocyanidins and the transcription of ANR and LAR genes in the skins during berry development, while no significant effect was observed in the seeds. Because the proanthocyanidins significantly decreased in the skins and seeds of the control berries during ripening, the levels of proanthocyanidins were similar in the shaded and control berries at the harvest stage.