期刊
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NANOMEDICINE
卷 10, 期 -, 页码 3761-3778出版社
DOVE MEDICAL PRESS LTD
DOI: 10.2147/IJN.S83068
关键词
immunotoxicity; phagocytes; cytokines; respiratory burst; nitric oxide generation; phagocytosis
资金
- European integrated project [NMP4-CT-2006-026723]
- Austrian Science Fund [P22576-B18]
- Austrian Science Fund (FWF) [P 22576] Funding Source: researchfish
- Austrian Science Fund (FWF) [P22576] Funding Source: Austrian Science Fund (FWF)
Nanoparticles (NPs) present in the environment and in consumer products can cause immunotoxic effects. The immune system is very complex, and in vivo studies are the gold standard for evaluation. Due to the increased amount of NPs that are being developed, cellular screening assays to decrease the amount of NPs that have to be tested in vivo are highly needed. Effects on the unspecific immune system, such as effects on phagocytes, might be suitable for screening for immunotoxicity because these cells mediate unspecific and specific immune responses. They are present at epithelial barriers, in the blood, and in almost all organs. This review summarizes the effects of carbon, metal, and metal oxide NPs used in consumer and medical applications (gold, silver, titanium dioxide, silica dioxide, zinc oxide, and carbon nanotubes) and polystyrene NPs on the immune system. Effects in animal exposures through different routes are compared to the effects on isolated phagocytes. In addition, general problems in the testing of NPs, such as unknown exposure doses, as well as interference with assays are mentioned. NPs appear to induce a specific immunotoxic pattern consisting of the induction of inflammation in normal animals and aggravation of pathologies in disease models. The evaluation of particle action on several phagocyte functions in vitro may provide an indication on the potency of the particles to induce immunotoxicity in vivo. In combination with information on realistic exposure levels, in vitro studies on phagocytes may provide useful information on the health risks of NPs.
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