Environmentally relevant concentrations of ethynylestradiol cause female-biased sex ratios in Xenopus tropicalis and Rana temporaria

The susceptibility of Xenopus (Silurana) tropicalis and Rana temporaria to ethynylestradiol (EE2), a potent estrogenic pharmaceutical and environmental pollutant, was investigated. Larval EE2 exposure caused female-biased sex ratios at concentrations as low as 0.06 nM, which is comparable to levels found in the environment. The susceptibility of the two frog species to EE2 was comparable. supporting the use of X. tropicalis as a model organism for research on developmental reproductive toxicity of estrogenic pollutants.