A tandem cyclization and hydrogenation of (±)-citronellal to menthol over bifunctional Ni/Zr-beta and mixed Zr-beta and Ni/MCM-41

The addition of nickel to Zr-beta gave a useful bifunctional catalyst khat combines a high rate of cyclization of (+/-)-citronellal to isopulegols over zirconium sites and subsequent hydrogenation to menthols. The diastereoselectivity to the desired (+/-)-menthol was 90%. A loading of 4 wt% is optimal; lower loadings led to a low rate of hydrogenation, whereas a higher nickel loading appears to block the zirconium Lewis acid sites essential for the cyclization of citronellal. A mixture of Zr-beta and Ni/MCM-41 also formed an effective bifunctional catalyst system where the selectivity toward menthols remained high even with nickel loadings up to 15 wt%. The yield of (+/-)-menthol over the dual-catalyst system was 86-89% with < 5% of byproducts, citronellol and 3,7-dimethyloctanol. Besides nickel, bifunctional Rh/Zr-beta catalysts also formed menthols with selectivity > 93%, although the diastereoselectivity to (+/-)-menthol was lower (85%). In comparison, a 2% Pd/Zr-beta catalyst exhibited lower activity and selectivity to menthols, forming substantial amounts of 3,7-dimethyloctanal. (C) 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.