Unique antiviral mechanism discovered in anti-hepatitis B virus research with a natural product analogue

Helioxanthin is a natural product that inhibits the replication of a number of viruses. We found that a previously undescribed helioxanthin analogue, 8-1, exhibited potent anti-hepatitis B virus (HBV) activitywith little cytotoxicity. 8-1 suppressed both HBV RNA and protein expression, as well as DNA replication of both wildtype and 3TC-resistant virus. Time-course analyses revealed that RNA expression was blocked first after treatment with 8-1, followed by viral proteins, and then DNA. 8-1 inhibited the activity of all HIBV promoters by decreasing the binding of hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 (HNF-4), HNF-3, and fetoprotein factor to the precore/core promoter enhancer II region. The amount of HNF-4 and HNF-3 was decreased posttranscriptionally by 8-1 in HBV-producing cells, but not in HBV-negative cells. Therefore, 8-1 suppresses HBV replication by posttranscriptional down-regulation of critical transcription factors in HBV-producing cells, thus diminishing HBV promoter activity and blocking viral gene expression and replication. This mechanism is unique and different from other anti-HBV compounds previously described.