Pulse dynamics in mode-locked lasers: relaxation oscillations and frequency pulling

A theoretical description of the pulse dynamics in a mode-locked laser including gain dynamics is developed. Relaxation oscillations and frequency pulling are predicted that influence the pulse parameters. Experimental observations of the response of a mode-locked Ti: sapphire laser to an abrupt change in the pump power confirm that the predicted behavior occurs. These results provide a framework for understanding the effects of noise on the spectrum of the laser. (C) 2007 Optical Society of America.