Extracellular signal-regulated kinase is a target of cyclooxygenase-1-peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-δ signaling in epithelial ovarian cancer

The underlying causes of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) are unclear, and treatment options for patients with advanced disease are limited. There is evidence that the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs is associated with decreased risk of developing EOC. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs inhibit cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and COX-2, which catalyze prostaglandin biosynthesis. We previously showed that mouse and human EOCs have increased levels of COX-1, but not COX-2, and a COX-1-selective inhibitor, SC-560, attenuates prostaglandin production and tumor growth. However, the downstream targets of COX-1 signaling in EOC are not yet known. To address this question, we evaluated peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor 6 (PPAR delta) expression and function in EOC. We found that EOC cells express high levels of PPAR delta, and neutralizing PPAR delta function reduces tumor growth in vivo. More interestingly, aspirin, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug that preferentially inhibits COX-1, compromises PPAR delta function and cell growth by inhibiting extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2, members of the mitogen-activated protein kinase family. Our study, for the first time, shows that whereas PPAR delta can he a target of COX-1, extracellular signal-regulated kinase is a potential target of PPAR delta. The ability of aspirin to inhibit EOC growth in vivo is an exciting finding because of its low cost, lack of cardiovascular side effects, and availability.