Behavioral dynamics of intercepting a moving target

From matters of survival like chasing prey, to games like football, the problem of intercepting a target that moves in the horizontal plane is ubiquitous in human and animal locomotion. Recent data show that walking humans turn onto a straight path that leads a moving target by a constant angle, with some transients in the target-heading angle. We test four control strategies against the human data: (1) pursuit, or nulling the target-heading angle beta, (2) computing the required interception angle (beta) over cap (3) constant target-heading angle, or nulling change in the target-heading angle beta, and (4) constant bearing, or nulling change in the bearing direction of the target psi, which is equivalent to nulling change in the target-heading angle while factoring out the turning rate (beta-phi). We show that human interception behavior is best accounted for by the constant bearing model, and that it is robust to noise in its input and parameters. The models are also evaluated for their performance with stationary targets, and implications for the informational basis and neural substrate of steering control are considered. The results extend a dynamical systems model of human locomotor behavior from static to changing environments.