期刊
JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY
卷 81, 期 12, 页码 6669-6681出版社
AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY
DOI: 10.1128/JVI.01524-06
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- NIAID NIH HHS [T32 AI007485] Funding Source: Medline
- BLRD VA [I01 BX001107] Funding Source: Medline
The human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) major immediate-early (MIE) enhancer contains five functional cyclic AMP (cAMP) response elements (CRE). Because the CRE in their native context do not contribute appreciably to MIE enhancer/promoter activity in lytically infected human fibroblasts and NTera2 (NT2)-derived neurons, we postulated that they might have a role in MIE enhancer/promoter reactivation in quiescently infected cells. Here, we show that stimulation of the cAMP signaling pathway by treatment with forskolin (FSK), an adenylyl cyclase activator, greatly alleviates MIE enhancer/promoter silencing in quiescently infected NT2 neuronal precursors. The effect is immediate, independent of de novo protein synthesis, associated with the phosphorylation of ATF-1 serine 63 and CREB serine 133, dependent on protein kinase A (PKA) and the enhancer's CRE, and linked to viral-lytic-cycl e advancement. Coupling of FSK treatment with the inhibition of either histone deacetylases or protein synthesis synergistically activates MIE gene expression in a manner suggesting that MIE enhancer/promoter silencing is optimally relieved by an interplay of multiple regulatory mechanisms. In contrast, MIE enhancer/promoter silence is not overcome by stimulation of the gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) signaling pathway, despite the enhancer having two IFN-gamma-activated-site-like elements. We conclude that stimulation of the cAMP/PKA signaling pathway drives CRE-dependent MIE enhancer/promoter activation in quiescently infected cells, thus exposing a potential mode of regulation in HCMV reactivation.
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