Emission of methane from chalk streams has potential implications for agricultural practices

1. The emission of biogenic gases, particularly methane, is usually associated with wetlands rather than clean streams. Here, we investigated methane production from a southern English chalk stream, where increased sedimentation, compounded by extensive macrophyte growth, may have altered ecosystem function. 2. Cover of the channel by the dominant macrophyte, Ranunculus penicillatus, peaked in August, when plant beds were associated with low water velocity and the accumulation of sediment (< 2000 pm) dominated by the sand-sized fraction (63-1000 pm). 3. Over spring and summer there was a marked increase in the silt/clay fraction of the sediment, a concomitant drop in mean particle size and, hence, inferred permeability. At the same time there was an increase in CH4 transport through Ranunculus stems and an increase in water column CH4 concentration, while the sediment CH4 concentration increased 100-f old between February and April. A marked seasonal enrichment in the delta N-15 of N-2 dissolved in the pore water correlated with CH4 flux and, coupled to the shift in particle size, suggested a transient input of organic matter, possibly of terrestrial origin. 4. Potential areal methane production and measured efflux were similar to that from some U.K. peatlands and represent one of the first accounts of significant methanogenesis to be measured in a stream. channel. Most (>90%) of the methane flux is transported to the atmosphere through the Ranunculus stems. 5. Although the total flux of methane from U.K. chalk streams is probably relatively modest (estimated at 3.2 x 10(-6) Tg CH4 year), this phenomenon changes our perception of the health of these ecosystems and indicates another deleterious side effect of agriculture.