Radio-telemetric monitoring of dispersing stag beetles: implications for conservation

Migratory movements of the endangered stag beetles Lucanus ccrvus (18 males, 38 females) were monitored radio-telemetrically for three reproductive periods (2003-2005). The aim of the study was to estimate the migratory range of free-ranging individuals as a measure of connectivity among neighbouring populations for future conservation measures. Miniature transmitters of c. 350 mg (battery life: 10-15 days) were attached externally to the pronotum. Transmitter/beetle mass ratio was 12.8% on average (7.1-28.0%). Male dispersal behaviour consisted of frequent flights directed to sites with reproductive females and rarely of on-ground movement. Total displacement distance recorded was up to 2065 m, the maximum distance of a single flight being 1720 m. Flights always began at elevated structures such as trees and shrubs and took place in an air temperature range of 11-27 degrees C. Within this range, temperature did not influence flight distance. Female dispersal behaviour consisted mostly of a single flight, followed by mating and consequent ground movements towards oviposition sites. Total displacement distance recorded was up to 762.6 m, the maximum distance of a single flight being 701 in. Climatic constraints of flights were the same as in males. Modelling the dispersal behaviour suggests that about 1% of males are capable of maintaining gene flux among nest sites within a radius of about 3 km. However, the colonization of new nest sites depends on the dispersal ability of females and amounts to less than I km. Thus, isolated populations (distance to the next population greater than 3 km) have an increased probability of local extinction.