Development of a Coupled Diffusion Denuder System Combined with Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry for the Separation and Quantification of Molecular Iodine and the Activated Iodine Compounds Iodine Monochloride and Hypoiodous Acid in the Marine Atmosphere

This study concerns the development of a coupled diffusion denuder system capable of separating and quantifying gaseous molecular iodine (I-2) and two other highly reactive iodine species, ICI and HOI, which are collectively named activated iodine compounds (AIC). Both I-2 and AIC are key species in the atmospheric chemistry of iodine. 1,3,5-Trimethoxybenzene (1,3,5-TMB)- and alpha-cyclodextirin/I-129 (alpha-CD/I-129)-coated denuders proved to be suitable for the collection of gaseous AIC and I-2, respectively. The experimental collection efficiencies for AIC (tested as ICI) and I-2 agreed well with the theoretical values for gas flow rates in the range between 300 and 1800 mL min. The coupled denudersystem (1,3,5-TMB-coated denuder as front-denuder coupled upstream of an alpha-CD/I-129(-)-coated denuder) was applied successfully to separate test gas mixtures of ICI and I-2 at various mixing ratios in the laboratory. The operation of both denuder systems was demonstrated to be independent of relative humidity (0-100%) and storage period (at least 2 weeks prior to and after sampling). Detection limits were achieved at sub-parts-per-brillion-by-volume (subpptv) level. The presented method provides a reliable and practical approach for the speciation of gaseous iodine compounds. In addition, we report for the first time ambient air measurements of AIC mixing ratios, carried out at the atmospheric research station in Mace Head, Ireland. A maximum concentration of AIC of 30.2 pptv was observed for nighttime measurements and 6.0 pptv for daytime measurements. A similar diurnal pattern was found for 12 with an average concentration level of 23.2 pptv during daytime and 85.1 pptv during nighttime, indicating a strong correlation with AIC.